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With the vision of global coverage for the sixth generation (6G) wireless communication systems, the low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems have drawn considerable attention. In this paper, A LEO satellite-to-ground channel model for urban scenarios is proposed based on ray-tracing. The channel model is divided into the atmospheric part and near-ground part, and the effects of ionospheric scintillation, rainfall, and multipath are studied. The model analyzes the multipath effect in the near-ground with the image method, assuming that the incident rays come from a circular plane transmitter over the ground. Channel characteristics such as delay power spectral density (PSD) and received power of signals are derived. The simulation results show that the received power increases with the satellite elevation angle increasing in urban scenarios.
Zhang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.