Contemporary construction in historical sites: The missing factors

Historical sites (HSs) are akin to living entities, and their existence is perpetuated through the erection of new buildings or additions. Many HSs need sustainable development and new construction, as existing monuments fail to meet contemporary user requirements. Despite the urgent demand, many new buildings within HSs have been constructed without considering the influencing factors on contextual value, built, and natural environment. This oversight has led to irreversible damage to their historical value. Numerous studies have independently explored interventions, construction, and development within HSs. However, there is a conspicuous absence of comprehensive research that concurrently addresses these issues while preserving the intrinsic value of the HSs. This study aims to identify the variables and factors contributing to the successful design and construction of new buildings within HSs, satisfying user needs, conserving contextual values, and achieving sustainability with the natural and built environment. The research employs a mixed-method approach, gathering raw data through literature reviews, case studies, and expert interviews. The study population comprised 97 experts in architectural heritage conservation and sustainable development. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized for data analysis, leading to the identification of influential factors. The study highlights the significance of the location, function, scale, form, material, skyline, viewpoint, accessibility, reversibility, topography, sustainability, technology, structural system, lifespan, and interior design in constructing new buildings within a HS. Moreover, the design of new additions should adhere to five guiding principles: integrated design, volume design, green design, compatible design, and modern design. In this context, the new structures will fulfill user needs, preserve or enhance contextual values, and harmonize with the built and natural environment.