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In pursuit of achieving carbon neutrality goals, modern power systems are increasingly characterized by low-carbon and low-inertia properties, leading to significant concerns regarding the security of system frequency. These ancillary services for providing frequency regulation (FR) can contribute to the system inertia, FR reserve capacity, and the response rate of FR reserves. However, it could be challenging to motivate low-carbon resources, like carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage (CCUS) systems and grid-forming inverter-based renewable energy systems (RESs), to participate in FR ancillary service markets. A critical focus of this paper lies in assessing the marginal value of diverse FR ancillary services for improving the performance of frequency-secured systems in under-frequency and over-frequency cases. Given the tight relations among energy and FR ancillary services, the frequency-secured performance criteria are introduced, including maximum rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), maximum frequency deviation, and quasi-steady-state (Q-S-S) frequency which are devised in a joint energy, carbon, and FR ancillary service market. To solve this nonconvex and nonlinear market problem, while minimizing the uplift payment, a tractable shrunken convex hull pricing method is presented. Multiple case studies confirm the proposed method's effectiveness in enhancing the system frequency stability, reducing total costs, and curtailing carbon emissions.
Lu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.