From Space to Field: Combining Satellite, UAV and Agronomic Data in an Open-Source Methodology for the Validation of NDVI Maps in Precision Viticulture

Recent GIS technologies are shaping the direction of Precision Agriculture and Viticulture. Sentinel-2 satellites and UAVs are key resources for multi-spectral analyses of vegetation. Despite being extensively adopted in numerous applications and scenarios, the pros and cons of both platforms are still debated. Researchers have currently investigated different aspects of these sources, mainly comparing different vegetation indexes and exploring potential relationships with agronomic variables. However, due to the costs and limitations of such an approach, a standardized methodology for agronomic purposes is still missing. This study aims to fill such a methodology gap by overcoming the potential flaws or shortages of previous works. To achieve this, an image acquisition campaign covering 6 months and over 17 hectares was carried out, followed by an NDVI comparison between Sentinel-2 and UAV to eventually explore relationships with agronomic variables. Comparative analyses were performed by using both classical (Ordinary Least Squares regression and Pearson Correlation) and spatial (Moran’s Index) statistical approaches: here, 90% of cases show r and MI scores above 0.6 for plain images, with these scores expectedly lowering to 72% and 52% when considering segmented images. Moreover, NDVI thematic maps were classified into clusters and validated by the Chi-squared test. Finally, the relationship and distribution of agronomic variables within NDVI and clustered maps were consistently validated through the ANOVA test. The proposed open-source pipeline allows to strengthen existing UAV and satellite applications in Precision Agriculture by integrating more agronomic variables.