Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune disorder in which ocular involvement represents a clinically significant yet frequently underrec-ognized contributor to morbidity. Ocular manifestations in SLE may arise from disease activity itself, but also as adverse effects of long-term pharmacological therapy. With the advent of targeted immunomodulatory agents, the therapeutic landscape of SLE has expanded beyond conventional drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids toward biologics and small molecules designed to interfere with specific immunological pathways. These advances have improved systemic disease control and survival; however, their ophthalmological safety profiles remain only partially defined. This review synthesizes current evidence on ocular adverse events associated with both traditional and emerging SLE therapies. Established agents, particularly hydroxychlo-roquine and corticosteroids, are consistently linked to complications including reti-nopathy, posterior subcapsular cataracts, steroid-induced glaucoma, and central serous chorioretinopathy. In contrast, recently approved or investigational therapies—such as belimumab, anifrolumab, voclosporin, dual BAFF/APRIL inhibitors, rituximab, JAK in-hibitors, CD40/CD40L blockade, CD38 inhibition, and mesenchymal stromal cell–based strategies—have limited but evolving safety data, with potential ocular adverse events spanning inflammatory, vascular, neuro-ophthalmic, and structural domains. Although ocular complications appear infrequent in clinical trials, underdetection in real-world practice and insufficient long-term monitoring may underestimate their true incidence. These findings highlight the need for systematic ophthalmological surveil-lance in patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies for SLE. Early recognition and timely management of ocular toxicity are crucial to safeguarding visual function and optimizing long-term therapeutic outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.
Luboń et al. (Wed,) studied this question.