This paper introduces a new structural definition of history within the framework of complex spacetime and closed-surface theory.Instead of treating history as a sequence of past points along a time axis, the paper proposes that history is a pattern, and a historical event is a pattern configuration on a closed surface. Using the complex representation Z=X+ict, the real axis XXX is interpreted as the irreversible expansion of physical space, while the imaginary axis ttt represents a reversible internal dimension.In this imaginary domain, closed surfaces carry pattern distributions P(t)P(t)P(t), and historical events are defined as specific pattern states rather than point-like spacetime coordinates. This approach rejects point-based ontology and replaces it with a surface-pattern ontology, aligning with the author’s broader frameworks such as closed-surface dynamics, pattern-distribution field theory, and the iĀ orthogonal-response structure.The paper presents formal definitions of history, historical events, and history flow, showing that observation, probability, causality, and internal reversibility all emerge naturally from pattern transitions on the imaginary axis. This reinterpretation offers a unified geometric understanding of events, internal dynamics, and the nature of time, demonstrating that what evolves is not time itself but the underlying surface pattern.
Konno Tetsuo (Tue,) studied this question.