Thermo-Economic Assessment of the Organic Rankine Cycle Combined with an Ejector Cooling Cycle Driven by Low-Grade Waste Heat

This paper proposes an energy, exergy, economic, and exergoeconomic (4E) analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) enhanced by an ejector refrigeration system. The two systems are combined via an intercooler, where the unwanted heat is transferred to the ejector cooling loop. The major objective is to reduce the discharge pressure of the expander so that higher power is achieved. However, the combined system requires more equipment and energy input, and, hence, 4E analysis is an efficient tool for assessing the feasibility of it in practical use based on a comprehensive analysis. This study aims to provide a systematic 4E-based evaluation of an ORC integrated with an ejector cooling cycle under realistic tropical conditions. The innovation of this work lies in combining unified thermodynamic, economic, and exergoeconomic assessments to quantify both performance enhancement and cost interactions attributable to condenser-side cooling. The findings offer significant insights into the dominant thermal–economic trade-offs, identify key cost drivers within the ORC + ECC configuration, and highlight operating conditions that maximize the power output and minimize the electricity generation cost. These results contribute practical guidelines for improving the feasibility and deployment of ORC–ejector systems for low-grade heat recovery applications. A theoretical model is formulated to examine both energy and exergy performance indicators together with key economic metrics. Parametric investigations are conducted to investigate the effects of the intercooler temperature (16–22 °C) and generator temperature (70–85 °C) on overall system performance. It is found that the integration of an ejector cooling cycle (ORC + ECC) can significantly enhance the thermo-economic potential of waste heat power generation systems compared to a standard ORC, from both exergoeconomic and LCOE perspectives. The exergoeconomic analysis identified that, while the expander dominates the cost of the standard ORC, the condenser and cooling tower become critical components of the ORC + ECC due to their high exergy-destruction costs. At the system level, the LCOE results confirm that the ORC + ECC can achieve 37–38% lower electricity generation costs compared to the standard ORC.