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January 16, 20260 citationsOpen Access

On the existence of squares inscribed in arbitrary C⁰ Jordan closed curves in the plane

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YUYoshiki Ueoka

Key Points

  • The aim is to demonstrate that every C^0 Jordan closed curve can contain a nondegenerate inscribed square.
  • Proved the inscribed square condition via a distance-based map G.
  • Employed a two-sheet compactification and boundary shape map g to manage boundary components.
  • Utilized lemmas related to self-separation and thickness persistence under approximation carbon.
  • Performed a Jacobian computation to establish the degree relationship between maps.
  • Applied homotopy invariance to confirm the existence of an interior zero for the full map.
  • Confirmed every C^0 Jordan closed curve admits a nondegenerate inscribed square.
  • Demonstrated that key margins persist under approximations and perturbations.
  • Showed that the degree of the maps provides a framework for analyzing the existence of inscribed shapes.

Abstract

We prove that every C^0 Jordan closed curve in the plane admits a nondegenerate inscribed square. We formulate the square condition as a zero problem for a distance-based map G. Using a ``two-sheet compactification'' and a boundary shape map g, we isolate collision/degeneracy/outer boundary components and remove them by a cut-out procedure. Route~B guarantees admissibility (the boundary does not hit 0), and admissibility is stable under small -perturbations via an explicit boundary margin. We then organize a collection of lemmas (Chapter~11) showing that key margins (self-separation, thickness, and cut-out room) persist under C^0\! C^1 approximation. For the reference curve S^1 we reduce the problem by quotienting out the S^1-action and define a reduced map H on a disk; a Jacobian computation yields ₂ (H) =1. A degree-bridge lemma gives ₂ (G) =₂ (H), and a domain-bridge proposition transfers this parity information to the cut-out domain W^ (0) for the full map F₀. Finally, homotopy invariance and the forcing theorem imply the existence of an interior zero, which corresponds to a nondegenerate inscribed square. This preprint is written for dissemination: we prioritize priority claims and a closed proof skeleton; local formalization can be added along the reference chain.

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Cite This Study

Yoshiki Ueoka (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6969d4c3940543b977709aa5https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18243635
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