ABSTRACT This work highlights the critical need for highly reliable systems across various fields of science and technology. It emphasises the significance of achieving maximum reliability while operating within constraints such as cost, weight and volume. To address this challenge, the study introduces an innovative approach to enhance the reliability of Cold Standby systems. The proposed method involves incorporating a combination of cold standby components (RRAP‐CM‐CS) with advanced optimisation techniques, specifically utilising a hybrid of particle swarm optimisation and grey wolf optimiser (HPSGWO). The results obtained from simulations and real‐world tests demonstrate a substantial improvement in the reliability of benchmark systems. The approach not only enhances system reliability but also surpasses the performance of traditional methods. This paper provides valuable insights into a practical and effective strategy for strengthening systems by intelligently mixing components and leveraging optimisation strategies.
Bhandari et al. (Fri,) studied this question.