ABSTRACT Near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered hydrogen‐bonding condensation utilizing up‐conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)‐incorporated poly of acrylic acid‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (AA‐NVP) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as AA‐NVP/CMC hydrogels was explored, where the photoconversion of the corresponding fluoride UCNPs endows NIR‐mediated hydrogels fabrication for the efficient optical output. Accordingly, the developed hydrogels as bio‐ink realize a 3D‐printing in vivo. Moreover, the printed hydrogels generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to provide potent bactericidal effects for photodynamic therapy (PDT), in conjunction with photothermal effects (PTE). It circumvents the antibiotic resistance issues associated with conventional antimicrobial agents, which fundamentally promotes skin regeneration from the inner layers of the skin to the outer layers with the synergistic antibacterial therapy.
Wen et al. (2026) studied this question.