What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to evaluate scalability in cyber risk management approaches within remote patient monitoring frameworks.

February 2, 2026Open Access

The Network and Information Systems 2 Directive: Toward Scalable Cyber Risk Management in the Remote Patient Monitoring Domain: A Systematic Review

Key Points

This research aims to evaluate scalability in cyber risk management approaches within remote patient monitoring frameworks.
Conducted a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA to identify relevant studies.
Analyzed 57 studies focusing on cyber security in remote patient monitoring environments.
Assessed inter-rater agreement using Cohen’s Kappa for study selection validity.
Developed a Scalability Index (SI) to evaluate scalability of cyber risk management approaches.
Majority of cyber risk management proposals showed low to medium scalability potential.
Most approaches do not meet the NIS 2 directive requirements from healthcare provider perspectives.
Cohen’s Kappa statistic indicated a strong agreement in study selection among raters.

Abstract

Healthcare 5.0 and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is emerging as a scalable model for the delivery of customised healthcare and chronic disease management, through Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) in patient smart home environments. Large-scale RPM initiatives are being rolled out by healthcare providers (HCPs); however, the constrained nature of IoMT devices and proximity to poorly administered smart home technologies create a cyber risk for highly personalised patient data. The recent Network and Information Systems (NIS 2) directive requires HCPs to improve their cyber risk management approaches, mandating heavy penalties for non-compliance. Current research into cyber risk management in smart home-based RPM does not address scalability. This research examines scalability through the lens of the Non-adoption, Abandonment, Scale-up, Spread and Sustainability (NASSS) framework and develops a novel Scalability Index (SI), informed by a PRISMA guided systematic literature review. Our search strategy identified 57 studies across major databases including ACM, IEEE, MDPI, Elsevier, and Springer, authored between January 2016 and March 2025 (final search 21 March 2025), which focussed on cyber security risk management in the RPM context. Studies focussing solely on healthcare institutional settings were excluded. To mitigate bias, a sample of the papers (30/57) were assessed by two other raters; the resulting Cohen’s Kappa inter-rater agreement statistic (0.8) indicating strong agreement on study selection. The results, presented in graphical and tabular format, provide evidence that most cyber risk approaches do not consider scalability from the HCP perspective. Applying the SI to the 57 studies in our review resulted in a low to medium scalability potential of most cyber risk management proposals, indicating that they would not support the requirements of NIS 2 in the RPM context. A limitation of our work is that it was not tested in a live large-scale setting. However, future research could validate the proposed SI, providing guidance for researchers and practitioners in enhancing cyber risk management of large-scale RPM initiatives.

The Network and Information Systems 2 Directive: Toward Scalable Cyber Risk Management in the Remote Patient Monitoring Domain: A Systematic Review

Key Points

Abstract

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