The increasing demand for environmentally friendly electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the necessity of efficient battery management systems (BMSs) capable of ensuring safe charging, high energy utilization, and extended battery life. Traditional control techniques such as proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers often struggle to handle the nonlinear dynamics and fluctuating power conditions inherent in photovoltaic (PV)‐fed EV systems. These limitations necessitate the adoption of more intelligent and adaptive control strategies to maintain stable and efficient battery performance under varying operating conditions. This study proposes a BMS based on an intelligent fuzzy logic controller (FLC) designed specifically for a PV‐powered EV drivetrain. The FLC dynamically regulates key battery parameters, including charging current, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and terminal voltage, to maintain optimal operating conditions. Developed using the Mamdani inference mechanism, the controller adjusts the DC–DC converter’s duty cycle to prevent overcharging, deep discharging, and thermal stress, thereby ensuring safe and reliable battery operation. The proposed system integrates PV generation, Li‐ion battery storage, and an induction motor drive to simulate realistic EV charging and load conditions. Simulation studies are performed using MATLAB/Simulink, followed by experimental validation using a 100 W PV prototype equipped with a PIC6104 microcontroller and a 12 V/7 Ah Li‐ion charger. The results demonstrate a charging efficiency of 95%, improved SOC stability, and reduced battery degradation compared to conventional PI/PID‐based control methods. The findings confirm that the FLC‐based BMS provides superior adaptability to variations in solar irradiance and load demand. By integrating renewable energy with intelligent control mechanisms, the proposed framework enhances both energy efficiency and battery lifespan. Furthermore, the system is fully scalable to multi‐kilowatt EV applications, offering a practical and sustainable pathway toward advanced, renewable energy–driven EV charging technologies.
Raj et al. (Thu,) studied this question.