What does this research mean for the field?

Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate (CaCO3) effectively enhances the flexural strength and ductility of polylactic acid (PLA) composites, with optimal performance at 15 wt.% CaCO3. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to evaluate the flexural properties and failure mechanisms of PLA biocomposites reinforced with calcium carbonate derived from eggshells.

February 26, 2026

Investigation of flexural properties and failure mechanisms in FFF-fabricated PLA/CaCO 3 biocomposites

Key Points

The research aims to evaluate the flexural properties and failure mechanisms of PLA biocomposites reinforced with calcium carbonate derived from eggshells.
Fabrication of polylactic acid (PLA) composites using eggshell-derived calcium carbonate at varying weights (5-20 wt.%) via extrusion.
Manufacture of test specimens for standard three-point bending tests using fused filament fabrication (FFF).
Evaluation of flexural strength and modulus to determine optimal filler-matrix interaction.
15 wt.% CaCO3 composite achieved maximum flexural strength of 76 MPa and modulus of 1404 MPa.
5 wt.% CaCO3 significantly increased ductility with a maximum strain to failure of 7.03%.
20 wt.% CaCO3 led to mechanical degradation due to particle agglomeration and reduced matrix continuity.

Abstract

This study investigates the flexural performance of polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with eggshell-derived calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% for sustainable fused filament fabrication applications. Composite filaments were fabricated via extrusion, and test specimens were manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Standard three-point bending tests revealed that a 15 wt.% CaCO 3 composite achieved the highest flexural strength (76 MPa) and modulus (1404 MPa), indicating optimal filler–matrix interaction and efficient stress transfer. A 5 wt.% CaCO 3 addition significantly enhanced ductility, yielding a maximum strain to failure of 7.03%. Further increase to 20 wt.% resulted in mechanical degradation due to particle agglomeration and reduced matrix continuity. These findings demonstrate that eggshell-derived CaCO 3 is an effective sustainable reinforcement for tailoring stiffness and strength in PLA-based components intended for lightweight structural and eco-friendly engineering applications.

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Cite This Study

Ravikumar et al. (Wed,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe3f995ddcd3a253e80df https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983261430911

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