Utilization of Ziziphus Lotus seeds as a lignin source for activated carbon preparation and congo red dye adsorption: optimization, kinetic behavior, isothermal models, and thermodynamic properties

Key Points

• Activated carbon from Ziziphus lotus seeds effectively adsorbs Congo red dye, enhancing treatment options for wastewater.
• The optimized process showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 150 mg/g for Congo red dye at 25°C, with favorable thermodynamic properties.
• Analysis utilized isothermal models to demonstrate the relationship between temperature and adsorption efficiency for the dye.
• This highlights the potential for using agricultural waste in developing effective water treatment solutions, reducing environmental impact.