The rising energy demands of modern electronics, especially in IoT devices, wearables, and industrial systems, have made energy-efficient communication a critical design priority. This survey explores how communication processes contribute to overall power consumption and presents innovations that enable sustainable electronics. It reviews low- power protocols such as BLE, ZigBee, and LoRa, highlighting their application-specific advantages. Adaptive techniques like duty cycling, dynamic power scaling, and energy harvesting are examined for their role in minimizing idle and transmission energy. The paper also discusses hardware advancements, including energy-efficient transceivers, antennas, and system-on-chip designs. Through case studies, it demonstrates how these innovations improve battery life and reduce operational expenses across smart homes, portable electronics, and industrial IoT. Main challenges such as protocol compatibility, latency, and energy-performance trade-offs are addressed, along with future opportunities in AI-driven optimization and ultra-low-power 6G networks. This comprehensive analysis supports the development of intelligent, energy-aware communication systems for next-generation sustainable electronics.
Pallavi et al. (Wed,) studied this question.