The proposed framework demonstrates the feasibility of automated MRI-based bladder cancer staging derived from radiological reference labels and supports the potential of deep learning for stand-ardizing and reproducing MRI-based staging procedures. Rather than serving as an independent clinical decision-support system, the framework is intended as a methodological and work-flow-oriented tool for automated staging consistency. Further validation using multi-center datasets, patient-level data splitting prior to augmentation, pathology-confirmed reference stand-ards, and explainable AI techniques is required to establish generalizability and clinical relevance.
Katongtung et al. (Wed,) studied this question.