Diagnosing urban ecological vulnerability in multi-mountainous city from a 3D landscape perspective

Key Points

• Ecological vulnerability was significant, affecting urban sustainability with increased risks in 3D landscapes.
• Key metrics showed vulnerability levels varying across different mountainous areas, prompting targeted urban planning.
• Observational analysis utilized advanced 3D landscape modeling of urban ecological interactions in mountainous settings.
• Sustainability efforts may be enhanced by recognizing vulnerable ecological zones, indicating a need for improved urban strategies.