Dual-ion engineered spinel ferrites: Structural, optical, ferroelectric and photocatalytic responses of Mn/Co doped MgFe₂O₄ prepared via hydrothermal approach

Key Points

• Enhanced photocatalytic activity demonstrated with Mn/Co doping compared to undoped samples, indicating improved efficiency.
• Structural characterization through X-ray diffraction shows the formation of high-purity spinel ferrite phases with well-defined crystalline structures.
• Ferroelectric measurements reveal significant changes in polarization properties, enhancing material applicability in electronic devices.
• Hydrothermal synthesis method effectively produces homogeneous materials with optimized properties for environmental applications.