Numerical study of hybrid nanofluid–phase change material system for thermal management of lithium battery packs: effects of nanofluid carrier size

Key Points

• Thermal management improves with optimized carrier size in hybrid nanofluid–phase change material systems, enhancing battery efficiency.
• Key evidence shows significant temperature reduction of up to 15 degrees Celsius with larger nanofluid carriers in simulations.
• Numerical study examines heat transfer performance highlighting the role of nanofluid carrier size in battery pack thermal management.
• Findings indicate potential for better battery performance and lifespan through effective thermal regulation, calling for further validation.