Wearable sensing technologies have attracted increasing attention for real-time monitoring of human motion and biomechanical activities in intelligent sports and healthcare applications. Here, a multifunctional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/MXene composite-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PCM-TENG) is developed for biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered motion sensing in intelligent tennis training. The PCM composite film is fabricated by integrating electrospun PVDF/CNC fibrous networks with spray-coated MXene nanosheets, where PVDF provides mechanical flexibility, CNC enhances structural robustness and effective contact area, and MXene establishes conductive pathways for efficient charge transport. Benefiting from this hierarchical architecture, the PCM-TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of ∼22.9 V, a short-circuit current (ISC) of ∼2.1 μA, a transferred charge (QSC) of ∼9.6 nC, and a maximum output power of ∼15.1 μW. Beyond energy harvesting, the device enables self-powered, real-time sensing of force intensity, wrist bending angle, and gait phases during tennis strokes and footwork. This study demonstrates the potential of MXene-modified flexible TENGs for intelligent sports training and next-generation wearable self-powered sensing systems.
Yang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.