Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health concern because of its chronic progression and severe liver complications. We propose a compartmental model describing HBV transmission that incorporates vaccination, antiviral treatment, liver transplantation and environmental contamination, accounting for both direct and indirect transmission pathways. The disease-free and endemic equilibria are derived and their local and global stability properties are analyzed. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of key parameters, including the infection rate, vaccination coverage and environmental persistence, on the basic reproduction number Formula: see text and system dynamics. Numerical simulations using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and a nonstandard finite difference scheme validate the theoretical results and illustrate the effectiveness of combined control strategies. These findings provide useful insights for improving HBV prevention and control policies.
Hussain et al. (Mon,) studied this question.