Off-grid communities in Ghana rely on various systems for energy provision, irrigation, and food security. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from efficiency metrics and qualitative interviews with stakeholders was employed. Significant variability in system efficiencies was observed, with solar irrigation systems showing an average improvement of 15% in crop yields compared to traditional diesel pumps (95% CI: 3-27%). The randomized field trial provided insights into the effectiveness and scalability of different off-grid solutions. Further research should focus on scaling up successful systems and addressing economic barriers to adoption. Off-grid communities, Ghana, efficiency gains, randomized field trial, solar irrigation The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Amankwa et al. (2014) studied this question.