We present the Improved Information-Coupled Space-Time (i-ICST) framework, a relativistic scalar-tensor theory in which a scalar field C (x) couples conformally to baryonic matter. The theory introduces a sharp interpolation function that enhances the modified gravity effect at low accelerations, an emergent effective dark matter component arising from the non-linear dynamics of the field on large scales, and a self-interacting potential that drives late-time cosmic acceleration. We derive the covariant action, field equations, weak-field limit, and analytical solutions for galactic rotation curves, cosmological background, and linear perturbations. The theory reduces to General Relativity in high-density environments through a chameleon screening mechanism. By construction, i-ICST reproduces the successful predictions of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales, including the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, as demonstrated by fits to the SPARC database. It naturally explains the Bullet Cluster mass-gas offset via emergent dark matter, is consistent with the cosmic microwave background peak positions after a full Boltzmann calculation, and yields an accelerated expansion with an effective equation of state w -1 in agreement with Pantheon+ supernova data. All these results are obtained without invoking particle dark matter or a cosmological constant, though the theory contains a small set of parameters fixed by observations. The framework makes testable predictions for future surveys such as Euclid, LSST, LISA, CMB-S4, and JWST.
Fransisko Alfredo Ikson Saputra (2026) studied this question.