Objectives. Industry 4.0 technologies have the potential to significantly enhance occupational health and safety (OHS) by enabling smarter, data-driven production and service systems. Despite this potential, the integration of Industry 4.0 into occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMSs) remains limited in emerging economies such as Türkiye, largely due to structural, regulatory and organizational barriers. Quantitative evidence explaining these barriers and their interrelationships is still insufficient in the existing literature. This study seeks to determine whether driving or restraining forces dominate the adoption process and to examine the cause-effect relationships among key restraining factors.Methods. Fuzzy TOPSIS-based force field analysis was employed to evaluate the relative dominance of driving and restraining forces influencing Industry 4.0 adoption in OHS. Subsequently, fuzzy DEMATEL analysis was applied to reveal causal relationships among restraining forces. The results were validated using the nominal group technique and the fuzzy Delphi method to ensure robustness and expert consensus.Results and Conclusions. Findings indicate that the primary barriers include insufficient incentives and regulations, rigid organizational structures, and policy-related challenges, while high investment costs and organizational culture also play a significant role.
Erol et al. (Thu,) studied this question.