Neurological complications of hematological diseases represent a clinically heterogeneous and increasingly recognized domain at the intersection of systemic illness and brain vulnerability. While advances in diagnostics and therapeutics have significantly improved outcomes in high-income settings, their translation into low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains limited. This viewpoint argues that neurological complications in hematological diseases should not be conceptualized solely as secondary manifestations of disease biology, but rather as indicators of systemic constraints that shape their incidence, presentation, and outcomes. Drawing on recent literature, we examine how infectious burden, delayed diagnosis, limited access to neurodiagnostics, and constrained supportive care infrastructures amplify both the frequency and severity of neurological involvement. We further consider the paradox introduced by emerging therapies, which simultaneously reduce disease burden and introduce new neurotoxic risks that LMIC systems are often ill-equipped to manage. Ultimately, we propose that neurological complications represent a critical interface through which broader inequities in global health become clinically visible, necessitating a shift toward integrated, context-sensitive neuro-hematological care.
Josipa Vlasac Glasnović (Thu,) studied this question.