Magnification, Blur, and Ray State at the Retina for the General Eye with and without a General Optical Instrument in Front of It: 2. Near Objects

ABSTRACT: Purpose. To derive general equations that characterize rays, magnification, and blur at the retina in the case of near object points for the naked eye and for the eye in combination with a general optical instrument. Method. The paper draws on results obtained via linear optics in an accompanying paper. Results. Equations are presented that completely characterize the state of rays at the retina from objects at any distance. They allow quantification of blur, size, shape, orientation, and magnification at the retina. Conclusion. The analysis provides a framework, complete in linear optics, for the analysis of light arriving at the retina of a general eye through any instrument from any object point.