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Data from 3,085 respondents from metropolitan Sydney, Australia were used to refine the 14-item Hong Psychological Reactance Scale. Results consistently showed three problematic items, which led to a refined 11-item scale. A series of factor analyses yielded a distinctive four-factor structure that was perfectly congruent among the total sample and the four subsamples: males, females, university students, and nonuniversity students. Cronbach alpha, split-halfs, and theta coefficients were found to be very satisfactory for the refined scale. The convergent and discriminant validities for the 1 1-item scale were tested with various personality constructs.
Hong et al. (1996) studied this question.