Background: To investigate the effects of probiotics and their postbiotics on mouse health, this study utilized healthy mice randomly assigned to a control group (CK, n = 6), a probiotic group (L, n = 6, oral gavage 200 μL Pediococcus lactis), and a postbiotic group (PL, n = 6, oral gavage 200 μL Pediococcus lactis postbiotic). Methods: Following 21 days of continuous intervention, changes in gut metabolic profiles, microbial community structure, tissue morphology, and tight junction protein expression were systematically analyzed using metabolomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry techniques. Results: The results revealed that screening for significantly altered endogenous metabolites identified core differences concentrated in metabolites related to intestinal barrier repair, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant activity (e. g. , 3-indolepropionic acid, astaxanthin, hydroxybenzoic acid). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the overall community structure was relatively stable according to principal component analysis, although differences were detected in specific taxa. However, LEfSe analysis identified significantly enriched functional microbial groups at multiple taxonomic levels in the PL group: phylum: Actinomycetota; class: Coriobacteriia; order: Coriobacteriales, Erysipelotrichales; family: Erysipelotrichaceae, Eggerthellaceae; genus: norankErysipelotrichaceae, Intestinimonas. These results suggest that although the overall community structure remained relatively stable, specific taxa may have differed between groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed no pathological lesions in intestinal tissues from either group, with intact mucosal architecture. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significantly elevated expression of intestinal tight junction proteins Claudin 1, MUC-2, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the PL group compared to the CK group (p < 0. 001). Conclusions: In summary, this probiotic (Pediococcus lactis) and its postbiotic showed promising effects, which may be related to changes in specific microbiota taxa, intestinal metabolic profiles, and tight junction protein expression. Beyond maintaining gut microbiota and tissue homeostasis, it enhances intestinal barrier function, suppresses latent inflammation, and boosts antioxidant capacity. Postbiotics may exhibit superior efficacy compared to probiotics. This provides robust experimental evidence for its development and application in gut health products for healthy populations. However, these findings still require further validation in studies with longer intervention periods and in disease models.
Sun et al. (2026) studied this question.