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A striation-based method with a vertical line array is proposed for source depth estimation. Broadband striation structures of direct and surface-reflected arrivals after propagating to receivers near the ocean bottom are applied. A tracking algorithm for the striation structures is proposed based on the extended Kalman filter. A cost function for source depth estimation is presented by matching the traces of the measured striations with a library of model-based traces under different source depths. The method is demonstrated on array data collected during an acoustic research experiment in the South China Sea in 2016.
Yang et al. (2018) studied this question.