A Blockchain-Based Model for Managing Infectious Disease Data

Infectious disease outbreaks continue to pose a significant threat to global health, underscoring the importance of timely detection and reliable reporting for effective interventions. Traditional reporting systems often rely on hierarchical data flows, which introduce delays, inconsistencies, and vulnerabilities, as highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Blockchain, a disruptive technology, offers a promising solution. This study proposes a blockchain-based infectious disease reporting system built on Hyperledger Fabric that supports multi-level reporting and governance across national health systems. The architecture preserves hierarchical structures while enabling real-time reporting across authorized health stakeholders. It separates public test results from sensitive patient information, with private data secured via Private Data Collections and anchored using cryptographic hashes. Smart contracts enforce role-based access and validation, ensuring data integrity and controlled oversight. The system prototype was deployed within Docker containers and evaluated using illustrative COVID-19 case data. Network performance was benchmarked using Hyperledger Caliper, measuring throughput, latency, and resource utilization. The results demonstrate proper system functioning and stable transaction processing under the tested experimental conditions, supporting the feasibility of the proposed architecture for privacy-preserving multi-level infectious disease reporting systems.