Accurate estrus detection is critical for optimizing reproductive efficiency in beef cattle. This study characterized blood metabolites and cervical microbiota associated with estrus in Simmental cattle using an integrated multi-omics approach. Twelve multiparous cows were assigned to estrus (n = 6) or nonestrus (n = 6) groups based on behavioral, hormonal, and ultrasonographic criteria. Serum samples were analyzed via ELISA and UPLC-MS/MS, while cervical microbiota were profiled using 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. Serum biochemical analysis revealed elevated levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, and insulin-like growth factor-1 during estrus (p 4). Key metabolic pathways: A total of 258 differentially abundant metabolites enriched in amino acid (tryptophan, arginine) and lipid metabolism (sphingolipids) pathways were correlated with Bacteroidetes enrichment (+ 13.36%). Practical biomarkers: Serum TP/ALB/GLU levels and Prevotellaceae/Ruminococcaceae abundance as potential indicators for estrus detection in beef cattle. Methodological rigor: Integrated UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics, 16S/ITS sequencing, and LEfSe analysis provide a template for studying host‒microbe interactions in livestock.
Wang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.