This work presents a constructive framework for the emergence of subatomic particle structure within the Aether Physics Model (APM), in which space, matter, and interaction arise from a unified volumetric–chronovibrational substrate. The Aether unit is treated as a primary geometric entity defined by closure rather than by force, providing the fundamental domain in which matter may form. Subatomic particles are modeled as confined states of a continuous dark-matter string background. A particle forms when a finite segment of mass string is captured by an Aether unit and closes into a cyclic configuration termed the ligamen circulatus. Particle identity, mass, spin, and magnetic charge emerge from the geometry of this confinement, specifically through allowed combinations of loxodromic winding and signed torsion within an invariant surface measure. A discrete mass hierarchy is obtained through a dyadic closure law in which the mass of a particle is determined by a product of a geometric closure factor and a torsional inertia factor. The closure factor follows a binary scaling relation derived from cardioid–toroidal loxodromic topology, while torsion provides a continuous modulation corresponding to expansive and contractive confinement regimes. Photon propagation is interpreted as the transfer state of the same ligamen circulatus after release from confinement. In this framework, propagation occurs as a discrete, stepwise transfer across adjacent Aether units at a fixed chronovibrational rate, corresponding to the speed of light. The propagating state is universal and not species-specific; distinctions between electrons, protons, and other particles arise only from the boundary conditions of confinement at emission and recapture. Inverse-square irradiance emerges naturally from geometric expansion of the transfer domain, in which the number of participating Aether units grows quadratically with propagation distance. The photoelectric effect is accordingly reinterpreted as a receiver-side accumulation and gating process, where angular momentum is accumulated from a continuous transfer field until a species-dependent closure threshold is reached. Magnetic charge is treated as an activation of the Aether unit induced by confined mass string, and the resulting magnetic interaction law governs interparticle forces. The Casimir effect is interpreted within this framework as a manifestation of short-range magnetic interaction arising from Aether-unit geometry rather than vacuum fluctuation. The model unifies matter, force, and radiation as geometric states of a single conserved process: confined chronovibrational closure produces particles, while open transfer produces radiation. This establishes a space-first ontology in which structure is primary and interaction emerges from confinement, providing a constructive alternative to particle-first descriptions of subatomic physics.
David W. Thomson (Mon,) studied this question.