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This study examines how perinatal markers and maternal risk factors affect the onset of GDM before 24 weeks.

April 23, 2026Open Access

Onset of gestational diabetes mellitus before the 24th week of pregnancy

Key Points

This study examines how perinatal markers and maternal risk factors affect the onset of GDM before 24 weeks.
Retrospective analysis of 4726 pregnant women attending fetal monitoring appointments.
Assessment of associations using multivariable logistic regression.
Increased GDM risk associated with elevated PAPP-A MoM and fβ-hCG MoM levels.
Maternal age above 35 years and higher pre-pregnancy BMI correlate with higher GDM risk.
Highlighting the importance of early monitoring for women with these risk factors.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between perinatal markers and the onset of GDM before 24 weeks of gestation and to assess whether maternal risk factors, including age and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), influence the risk of GDM before 24 weeks of gestation. This retrospective study was conducted on 4726 pregnant women who attended scheduled fetal monitoring appointments at the 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, from January 2023 to December 2024. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the associations between perinatal markers and maternal characteristics with the onset of GDM before 24 weeks. PAPP-A MoM and fβ-hCG MoM, as well as maternal age, particularly age above 35 years, and pre-pregnancy BMI, were associated with an increased risk of developing GDM before 24 weeks. The findings highlight the need for early monitoring and evaluation of women at increased risk.

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