Modern Approaches in the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Therapy

Herein, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide, characterized by gradual memory loss, cognitive impairment, and behavioural disturbances. The global prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is increasing rapidly due to aging populations, creating a significant medical, social, and economic burden. The pathological hallmarks of AD include the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, synaptic dysfunction, and progressive neuronal loss. Despite decades of research, effective disease-modifying therapies remain limited, and currently available treatments primarily provide symptomatic relief rather than halting disease progression. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease, leading to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Modern approaches in AD management focus not only on targeting classical pathological pathways such as amyloid and tau aggregation but also on addressing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic degeneration. In addition, emerging therapeutic modalities including monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, gene-based therapies, and neuroprotective agents are being actively investigated. Alongside pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological strategies such as cognitive training, lifestyle modifications, dietary interventions, and digital therapeutics are increasingly recognized as important components of comprehensive disease management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and highlight recent advances in therapeutic strategies for its treatment and management. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging drug targets, innovative treatment approaches, and integrated management strategies that may contribute to improved clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the review discusses ongoing challenges and future perspectives in Alzheimer’s research, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to develop more effective and disease-modifying therapies.