A Comprehensive Analysis of Perceptions, Impact, and Behavioral Aspects of Corruption in European Union Countries

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the perceptions, impacts, and behavioral aspects of corruption within European Union countries. The methodological framework of the study integrates the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) with the findings of the Eurobarometer 548 sociological survey, enabling a multidimensional assessment of corruption processes. The study analyzes the dynamics of the Corruption Perceptions Index from 2012 to 2024, regional disparities, and the specificities of subjective corruption perceptions among the EU population. It was established that, despite the relative stability of the index, there is a stagnation in anti-corruption policy and a gap between objective indicators and subjective perceptions of corruption. The research proves that a majority of EU citizens view corruption as a widespread phenomenon, despite its limited personal impact. Significant interstate differentiation was identified, along with a contradiction between declared intolerance toward corruption and the actual behavior of citizens. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the reporting level of corruption offenses, which remains low in most countries. The study substantiates that the effectiveness of anti-corruption policy depends largely on the level of institutional trust and civic engagement in anti-corruption efforts.