Background: (Linn.) Moon (CSM) served as the cornerstone for this investigational study. Methods: To validate and scrutinize the extent of the therapeutic effects of CSM, we compared two drying techniques: a dehydration chamber and a hot air oven. Analysis of computational biology, otherwise known as "network pharmacology," was employed to hypothesize and validate key pharmacological targets and investigate the toxicity and anti-inflammatory properties of CSM in L929 and RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, this study presents the development of a niosome-based enhanced therapeutic delivery formulation for CSM. Results and Discussion: of 8.50 ± 0.39 μg/mL, while the hot air oven method was cytotoxic (15.29 ± 3.17 μg/mL). The anti-inflammatory response has been linked to the following key genes: NF-κB1, PTGS2, ALOX5, EGFR, and NFE2L2. For maximum yield and encapsulation efficiency, the optimal Span 60:Tween 80: Cholesterol ratio was 11.0:19.0:13.5. Conclusions: The data indicate that CSM extract, especially when dehydrated in a dehydration chamber and then encapsulated in niosomes, has the potential to serve as a safe and effective therapeutic for hemorrhoids. The findings also emphasize the role of the drying method in retaining the bioactivity of plant extracts and the need for niosomes as a delivery system to improve bioavailability.
Suksanga et al. (Thu,) studied this question.