). Incorporation of 1 wt% MXene produced more open and interconnected membrane substructures, enhanced apparent wettability (contact angle reduced from 90° for PSF to 62°), a more negative surface charge, and subsurface flake embedding confirmed by characterization. These features yielded a water flux of 206 LMH (31% higher than pristine PSF) with 97.6% humic acid rejection (n = 3 batches, p < 0.01 for flux; p < 0.05 for rejection), while batch-to-batch variability remained <5%. Rather than claiming a measured thermodynamic phase diagram, we interpret the observed morphology as consistent with faster demixing during R2R-NIPS. This processing methodology-documenting practical parameter choices such as casting speed, wet thickness, and bath circulation-provides a feasible route toward larger-scale MXene membrane production for water purification.
Firouzjaei et al. (Fri,) studied this question.