and IL-10 levels. Sampling period-specific analyses indicated that associations with pro-inflammatory cytokines were stronger in early and mid-pregnancy (10-29 weeks), whereas associations with IL-10 were most pronounced later in pregnancy (⩾30 weeks). Results were robust to the exclusion of participants with preeclampsia. These findings indicate that prenatal PAH exposure is associated with sustained inflammatory activity across pregnancy, with gestational timing-specific patterns that may help explain windows of increased vulnerability for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This longitudinal evidence strengthens biologic plausibility linking environmental PAH exposure to maternal inflammatory processes.
Cho et al. (Tue,) studied this question.