The inclusivity of volcanic hazard early warning systems: Experiences of persons with disabilities in Indonesia

Early Warning Systems (EWS) is crucial to enhance the ability of persons with disabilities responding to disasters. Despite global advocacy, limited evidence exists on how persons with disabilities access and act on EWS information. This study examines the inclusivity of volcanic hazard EWS in two villages near Merapi volcano, Indonesia, through a participatory mixed-methods approach involving 182 persons with disabilities, nine representatives of OPDs (Organizations of Persons with Disabilities), and five government officials. Data were gathered via household surveys, accessibility review, and a group discussion, with thematic and spatial analyses applied. Findings reveal that while traditional and modern EWS coexist, significant gaps remain in accessibility, coverage, and message clarity. Social networks and local leaders are key information conduits, yet warnings often fail to trigger effective early action. The study underscores the role of OPDs in embedding EWS within preparedness efforts and recommends integrated approaches that combine technology, indigenous knowledge, and community-based strategies.