Predictors of Depression in Older Immigrants

Abstract: Background: Depression has become a widespread mental health concern as millions of older immigrants are living and aging in host countries. This scoping review identified factors associated with depression among immigrants over 65 years old and provided evidence-based recommendations for future research, treatment, and policymaking. Method: We conducted a systematic search across four databases from 2005 to June 2025 and identified 21 studies for an in-depth review. Results: A thematic analysis helped identify several risk and protective factors associated with depression. The risk factors included sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, acculturation challenges, stressful life events, negative emotional traits, loneliness, living alone, and caregiver burden. Protective factors included social relationships, co-residence with children/family, religious participation, physical functioning, technology use, marriage, ethnic identity, and education. Conclusion: Extant studies focused on sociodemographic characteristics, acculturation challenges, health-related factors, and social relations, with limited attention to psychological and behavioral aspects. Future studies should explore internal self-regulation strategies, digital literacy, and social media use in relation to depression. Intervention programs and policies are required to address the mental health needs of older immigrants.