Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of firm leverage on systematic risk between conventional and Shariah-compliant firms listed on the Canadian stock exchanges. Covering the period from 2017 to 2022, the research aims to assess the implications of Shariah-compliant strategies for portfolio performance over periods of normal and high volatility during COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach With a sample of 412 firms, the study uses dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation and the mean-variance efficient frontier framework to evaluate the risk–return profile of Shariah-compliant firms. These methodologies enable a robust analysis of systematic risk and reward-to-risk ratio, offering insights into the performance of Shariah-compliant portfolios under time-varying leverage conditions. Findings The results reveal that Shariah-compliant portfolios generally exhibit lower systematic risk compared to their conventional counterparts because of their low-debt ratio. Additionally, these firms demonstrate a superior reward-to-risk ratio and a more favorable risk–return profile, especially during periods of economic instability. The findings highlight the effectiveness of Shariah-compliant portfolios in optimizing portfolio performance and managing risk. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by emphasizing the distinctive risk management characteristics of Shariah-compliant firms and their potential to enhance portfolio diversification. The findings underscore the value of Shariah-compliant investment strategies for investors seeking to mitigate risk and improve risk-adjusted returns, particularly in volatile economic environments.
Firano et al. (Mon,) studied this question.