What question did this study set out to answer?

To assess the iron bioavailability of fortified rice and extruded rice flour using different formulations in rat and cell-culture models.

May 21, 2026Open Access

Bioavailability of Ferric Pyrophosphate and Ferric Orthophosphate with/without Extrusion and/or Citric Acid and/or Trisodium Citrate in rats and in vitro INFOGEST Digestion and Caco-2 Cell Model

Key Points

To assess the iron bioavailability of fortified rice and extruded rice flour using different formulations in rat and cell-culture models.
Two rat studies with Sprague-Dawley rats on iron fortified rice diets using prophylactic-preventative methods.
Hematological parameters and hepatic iron concentrations measured.
INFOGEST digestion method used for iron fortified extruded rice flour, analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
In Rat Study 1, hemoglobin and hepatic iron were significantly higher in FePP and μFePP groups than in FePO4 and controls.
In Rat Study 2, μFePP and high ratio CA and TSC FePP groups had significantly greater hepatic iron concentrations than high ratio CA and TSC FePO4 groups.
In cell-culture, high ratio ferritin concentrations were significantly higher in co-extruded samples compared to low and zero ratio samples.

Abstract

AbstractBackground Iron absorption of fortified rice and/or extruded rice flour could be significantly increased with the addition of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP)/micronized ferric pyrophosphate (μFePP)/ferric orthophosphate (FePO4), citric acid (CA) and trisodium citrate (TSC) at low (1:0.1:2.1) and high (1:0.3:5.5) molar ratios. Thus, two rat studies and a Caco-2 cell study were carried out to examine the iron bioavailability of different formulations and food processing strategies. Objective To determine the iron bioavailability of rice and extruded rice flour fortified with the different formulations of FePP/μFePP/FePO4, CA and TSC in rats and the INFOGEST digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Methods In rat studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned iron fortified rice diets using the prophylactic-preventative method. The iron bioavailability was determined by measuring the concentrations of hematological parameters and hepatic iron. In the cell-culture study, iron fortified extruded rice flour was digested with INFOGEST digestion method. The iron solubility was analyzed with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The iron bioavailability was determined by measuring ferritin concentrations. Results In Rat Study 1, hemoglobin and hepatic iron levels were significantly higher in the FePP and μFePP groups compared to the FePO4 and control groups. In Rat Study 2, μFePP and High ratio CA and TSC FePP groups significantly increased hepatic iron concentrations compared to the High ratio CA and TSC FePO4 and control groups. In the cell-culture study, among co-extruded samples, the ferritin concentrations of High ratio samples were significantly higher than those of Low and Zero ratio samples. Among mixed samples, High ratio FePO4 had significantly higher ferritin concentration than Zero ratio FePO4. Conclusions The iron bioavailability of FePP and FePO4 was improved with CA and TSC at high molar ratio. High ratio FePP and μFePP were superior to High ratio FePO4 in the increasing hepatic iron concentrations.

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