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We describe the design and implementation of PowerScope, a tool for profiling energy usage by applications. PowerScope maps energy consumption to program structure, in much the same way that CPU profilers map processor cycles to specific processes and procedures. Our approach combines hardware instrumentation to measure current level with kernel software support to perform statistical sampling of system activity. Postprocessing software maps the sample data to program structure and produces a profile of energy usage by process and procedure. Using PowerScope, we have been able to reduce the energy consumption of an adaptive video playing application by 46%.
Flinn et al. (1999) studied this question.