Assessing the restorative effects of campus greeness on student depression: a comparative study across three distinct university campus type in Macau

This study addresses the growing mental health challenges among university students, with a particular focus on depression, by examining the role of campus greenness in mitigating its effects. In contrast to the majority of studies that concentrate on campus environments in Western countries, this research uniquely investigates how variations in campus density and form within the Chinese context influence the role of campus greenness in mitigating depression among university students. By analyzing three distinct types of university campuses in Macau, the study also reflects on the broader implications for campuses across China. A comprehensive model is then employed to assess the effects of perceived greenness, frequency of use, and ease of access on depression, identifying both mediation and moderation effects through the application of PLS-SEM. The results demonstrate that perceived greenness exerts the most significant influence in high-density campuses, while frequency of use and convenience of access play a greater role in larger, lower-density campuses. Mediation analysis shows that perceived greenness partially mediates the relationship between green space usage and depression, particularly in smaller, high-density campuses. Additionally, moderation analysis indicates that frequency of use amplifies the restorative effects of higher perceived greenness, especially in medium and large campuses. These findings advance current theories in environmental psychology and campus planning by underscoring the contextual intricacies of green space benefits. The outcomes are expected to inform future campus design and urban planning, emphasizing the importance of green spaces in fostering environments that support student well-being.