Thep-Version of the Finite Element Method

In the p-version of the finite element method, the triangulation is fixed and the degree p, of the piecewise polynomial approximation, is progressively increased until some desired level of precision is reached. In this paper, we first establish the basic approximation properties of some spaces of piecewise polynomials defined on a finite element triangulation. These properties lead to an a priori estimate of the asymptotic rate of convergence of the p-version. The estimate shows that the p-version gives results which are not worse than those obtained by the conventional finite element method (called the h-version, in which h represents the maximum diameter of the elements), when quasi-uniform triangulations are employed and the basis for comparison is the number of degrees of freedom. Furthermore, in the case of a singularity problem, we show (under conditions which are usually satisfied in practice) that the rate of convergence of the p-version is twice that of the h-version with quasi-uniform mesh. Inverse approximation theorems which determine the smoothness of a function based on the rate at which it is approximated by piecewise polynomials over a fixed triangulation are proved for both singular and nonsingular problems. We present numerical examples which illustrate the effectiveness of the p-version for a simple one-dimensional problem and for two problems in two-dimensional elasticity. We also discuss roundoff error and computational costs associated with the p-version. Finally, we describe some important features, such as hierarchic basis functions, which have been utilized in COMET-X, an experimental computer implementation of the p-version.