The classic “silver effect” in gold(I) catalysis has long been confined to its role as a halide abstractor or transient stabilizer of catalytic intermediates. Here, we fundamentally redefine this concept by demonstrating that trace residual Ag(I) ions from halide abstraction of Ph3PAuCl act as a dynamic template to drive the hierarchical assembly of organogold(I) precursors into a high-nuclearity bimetallic nanocluster Au11Ag1. Alternatively, an independently synthesized hollow Au11 nanocage can selectively and strongly encapsulate a single silver(I) ion (Ka ∼ 105 M–1) to reproduce Au11Ag1, showcasing a rare example of heterometal recognition driven solely by metallophilic interactions. This single-atom encapsulation dramatically enhances the phosphorescence quantum yield of Au11Ag1 over 13-fold (up to 40.8%) of Au11 by participating in the triplet excited state. In addition, such single-atom synergy further provides critical structural reinforcement via 9-fold Au(I)–Ag(I) interactions to prevent the structural collapse of Au11Ag1 under catalytic conditions, in sharp contrast to the instable hollow Au11 analogue. Consequently, the silver(I)-incorporated cluster enables efficient photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of sulfides.
Wang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.