Urban transport systems are crucial for economic development and mobility; however, they often overlook potential environmental health risks associated with prolonged commuter exposure to ionizing radiation and air pollutants. Particularly in regions with radon-prone geological formations and inadequate station ventilation, the risk of chronic radiation exposure is compounded by crowding and inefficient scheduling. This study presents an innovative approach based on radiation biophysics principl
Muhammad Muhammad (Sat,) studied this question.