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Abstract New technologies and the transfer, exchange and pooling of existing technologies are impacting, at the strategic level. Research on joint activities has emphasised the industry sectoral differences and the need for more in‐depth analysis at these levels. This study of eleven companies' joint activities with government research institutes, university medical schools and other companies, in developing thirty‐four medical equipment innovations, details the mechanisms by which the expected added value from joint activities is realised. The manufacturers gained added value by: 1. Appropriating user knowledge to them‐selves 2. Transferring costs to the users 3. Increasing private returns through co‐operation with the user in gaining market penetration 4. Diffusion of costs and the capturing of benefits through intermediary‐manufactureruser interactions 5. The coupling of ‘outside product champions’ to ‘inside product champions’.
Brian Shaw (Fri,) studied this question.