This work derives temporal order from the axioms of Structure Theory. Time is not assumed as a primitive parameter. It is shown that wherever structural transformation occurs, a strict order relation between states is produced. This order relation is temporal order. The arrow of time follows necessarily from structural irreversibility, not from statistical tendency or special initial conditions. From three axioms alone, the following results are derived without additional assumptions: the origin of temporal order, the arrow of time, the second law of thermodynamics, the absence of time in quantum gravity, the low-entropy cosmological beginning, and the dissolution of the singularity problem. The block universe is excluded at the level of the existence axiom. Time is not fundamental. It is what existence produces when it transforms.
Patrick Bittner (Mon,) studied this question.