This paper outlines an integrated digital process chain for adaptive modular bridge construction using additive manufacturing and cyber‐physical systems. Hierarchical product model structures provide a consistent representation from abstract system level to fabrication‐ready modules and enable traceable propagation of changes across detail levels. Principal stress‐based toolpath planning links structural behavior directly to robotic fabrication by deriving manufacturable extrusion paths from simulation data. A cyber‐physical production system closes the loop by capturing and interpreting manufacturing and inspection data for iterative refinement. Future progress will depend on using these data to train machine learning models for prediction, optimization, and adaptive control.
Auer et al. (Mon,) studied this question.